By Olivier Soumah-Mis Executive Cultural Coach
In the arena of international relations, an insidious enemy undermines agreements and collaborations: the word. Not its existence, but its deeply rooted cultural interpretation. We speak the same language, often business English or the local language, we use the same technical terms, and yet we do not mean the same thing. This semantic gap, this tiny grain of cultural sand, can jam the most powerful engines of global cooperation. Whether in trade negotiations or managing a local team, this semantic gap can turn an opportunity into a fiasco.
The Mirage of Common
Understanding
The fatal mistake is
to believe that because a word exists in two languages, or is used in
international jargon, it has a universal meaning. In reality, each culture
imbues words with its own values, priorities, and relationship to the world.
Let's look at some concrete examples, which are veritable relational time
bombs:
1. “Now” /
“Ahorita”: The Great Temporal Misunderstanding
o For a German (monochronic culture): “Tout de
suite” means immediately, within the next few minutes. Time is linear,
segmented, precious. A delay is professional misconduct.
o For a Mexican
(polychronic culture): “Ahorita” is notoriously elastic. It can mean in a
few minutes, in an hour, this afternoon, or even tomorrow. Time is fluid,
relational; ongoing human interaction takes precedence over a strict schedule.
Consequences: Germans perceive their Mexican partners as unreliable or casual.
Mexicans find Germans rigid, pressuring, and rude. Deadlines are missed, trust
erodes, and a contract can fall through because of this simple, repeated
misunderstanding.
2. “Quality”: An
Ideal with a Thousand Faces
For a Japanese
person: Quality is synonymous with perfection, zero defects, meticulous
processes, and absolute durability. It is often sacrificed on the altar of cost
or deadline. “Kaizen” (continuous improvement) is a state of mind.
For a Ugandan
partner (in a context where robustness and repairability are crucial): Quality
can prioritize functionality in difficult conditions, ease of repair with local
resources, and a cost/durability ratio suited to the market. “Japanese”
perfection can seem unnecessarily costly and complex. Consequences: The
Japanese supplier delivers a technically perfect product, but one that is too
expensive and difficult to maintain in Uganda, making it unsellable. The
Ugandan buyer is frustrated by what he perceives as inappropriate stubbornness.
The commercial partnership fails due to a lack of alignment on the fundamental
definition of “quality.”
3. “Urgency”: A
Relative Concept
In a monochronic
culture (USA, Germany, Switzerland, etc.): Urgency triggers an immediate
response and absolute prioritization, often at the expense of other tasks.
Deadlines are short and sacrosanct.
In a polychronic
culture (Middle East, Latin America, Africa, etc.): Urgency exists, but it fits
into the flow of existing relationships and commitments. Excessive pressure can
be perceived as disrespectful or panicked. Consequences: The monochronic
manager sends emails marked “URGENT” every hour and gets upset about the lack
of responsiveness. The polychronic team feels harassed, poorly regarded, and
may even slow down through passive resistance. The project falls behind
schedule, and the atmosphere becomes toxic.
Culturally charged keywords: Other concrete pitfalls
• “Yes”:
o In Japan, “Hai” can mean “I
hear you,” “I understand,” or “I don't want to upset you by saying no right
away,” which is far from a firm agreement. Consequence: The Westerner believes
an agreement has been reached, while the Japanese partner believes that discussions
are ongoing. This leads to a deadlock later in the process.
• “Contract”:
o In the US/Europe: A
definitive, almost sacred legal document.
o In some Asian or Middle Eastern cultures: A
starting point for a relationship, open to renegotiation as the relationship
and circumstances evolve. Consequence: The Westerner cries foul when a change
is requested, while the partner believes they are acting normally. The
relationship breaks down.
• “Deadline”:
o In Germany: Mandatory cut-off
date.
o In certain Mediterranean cultures: A
target to aim for, but with flexibility expected if necessary. Consequence:
Late deliveries, penalties not understood, loss of reputation.
Consequences That Go
Beyond Simple Misunderstanding
These “minor”
semantic misunderstandings are not insignificant. They lead to:
1. Colossal
Financial Losses: Delayed projects, terminated contracts, penalties,
renegotiation costs, loss of markets.
2. Erosion of trust: Each
misunderstanding feeds stereotypes (“They are unreliable,” “They are
inflexible”) and destroys the relational capital that is essential to business.
3. Conflict and a deteriorated climate:
Frustration, resentment, and tensions within multicultural teams.
4. Missed Opportunities:
Potentially fruitful partnerships never get off ground because of an initial
misunderstanding of a term.
The Edifying Case of
the Expatriate Director: When Management Becomes a Semantic Minefield
Marc, a French
director, arrives in Mexico City to lead his new local team. His fluent English
masks a cultural chasm.
Tricky Words and Their Consequences
Term
used by Marc |
What
he means |
What the team hears |
Consequences |
“Firm deadline” |
“Delivery imperative
Friday 5 p.m.” |
“Ideal objective,
adaptable if necessary.” |
→ Report submitted
the following week → Dissatisfied client → Loss of USD50,000 in bonuses. |
“Honest feedback” |
“Feel free to openly
criticize my ideas.” |
“He's the boss. Be
polite, avoid conflict.” |
→ The team is hiding
a technical problem → Product recall costing USD500,000. |
“Autonomy” |
“Take initiative and
make your own decisions without me.” |
“He doesn't want to
get involved.” |
→ Inconsistent
decisions → Massive rework → 3 resignations. |
The Negative Spiral
•
Atmosphere: Generalized mistrust. The team nicknames Marc
“the Bulldozer.”
• Productivity: 40% of time wasted
in clarification meetings, corrections, and reprimands.
• Hidden costs:
o Training to replace a key departure: $30,000.
o Penalties for accumulated delays: $120,000.
o 25% drop in productivity over 6 months.
The Solution: Semantic Humility
How can these pitfalls be avoided?
1. Never Assume Understanding: “What
exactly do you mean by...?” should become a reflex for key words (deadline,
quality, agreement, urgency, flexibility, etc.).
2. Look for specifics: Ask for examples
and scenarios. “What does ‘quality’ mean to you in this specific project?”
3. Clarify in writing (with caution):
Summarize agreements by clarifying the meaning of crucial terms but remain open
to discussion (the document is not necessarily perceived as definitive
everywhere).
4. Educate Yourself Culturally:
Understanding the broad cultural orientations (monochronic vs. polychronic,
universalist vs. particularist, etc.) of your partners helps you anticipate
areas of semantic friction.
5. Involve Intercultural Mediators: In
crucial negotiations, their role is invaluable in decoding implicit meanings.
Conclusion:
In the delicate ballet of international affairs,
words are not simply neutral labels. They are carriers
of culture, steeped in history and have implicit values. Ignoring this semantic
dimension and believing in an illusory linguistic universality is like
navigating uncharted waters without a map or compass. True international
agreement does not begin with a signature, but with a shared understanding,
word by word, of what each party really means by the terms used. The key to
success lies in the humility to recognize that our own interpretation is only
one possibility among many, and that a major negotiation often begins with a
simple question: “What do you really mean by that?”
Intercultural Leadership is a Constant Dialogue about Meaning
Marc's story is far from isolated. It reveals a crucial truth: the first
challenge for expatriate leaders is not technical, but semantic and relational.
Managing a multicultural team requires much more than speaking a common
language. It involves constantly decoding, clarifying, and adjusting one's own
language and expectations.
Words are a manager's tools. But
when these tools are blunted by cultural misunderstanding, they hurt the team,
sabotage results, and cost the company dearly. The key to success lies in
recognizing that each key word (“deadline,” “quality,” “urgency,” “agreement”)
must be explicitly negotiated with the local team. It is this patient and
humble dialogue about real meaning that transforms a potentially destructive
culture shock into a rich and effective collaboration. True intercultural
leadership begins with this question: “When I say X, what do YOU hear?”
In international business, as in expatriate
management, the real contract begins when words regain their shared meaning. A
“deadline,” “quality,” or “urgency” cannot be decreed: they are co-constructed
through the cultural prism. The fatal mistake is to believe that language is
neutral. The solution? Make every key word a topic of dialogue, and every
misunderstanding an opportunity to learn.
"We
have a hundred languages, but a thousand ways to understand them.
International
success belongs to those who listen before they speak."
Intercultural
proverb.